Potassium chloride
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2019-09-19
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Clinical Pharmacology
Pharmaceutical group: the potassium drug.
ATX Code: A121BA01
Pharmachologic effect:
The drug K +, restores the water-electrolyte balance. It has a negative chrono-and battron effect, in high doses - negative foreign and dromotropic, as well as moderate diuritic effect. In small doses, K + dilates the coronary vessels, in large doses it narrows. Participates in the process of conducting nerve impulses. With intravenous administration increases the secretion of epinephrine by the adrenal glands.
It activates many cytoplasmic enzymes, participates in the maintenance of intracellular osmotic pressure, in protein synthesis reactions and the transport of amino acids. Improves the contraction of skeletal muscles in muscular dystrophy, myasthenia. Increasing the concentration of K + reduces the risk of toxic action of cardiac glycosides.
Indications
Hypokalemia (including against diabetes, prolonged diarrhea and / or vomiting, therapy with antihypertensive drugs, some diuretics, glucocorticosteroids), treatment and prevention of digital intoxication, prevention of arrhythmia in patients with myocardial infarction (acute period)
Composition
potassium chloride - 40mg
dextrose (or glucose in terms of dry matter - 334 mg
0.1M hydrochloric acid solution - to pH 3.0-4.0
water for injection - up to 1 ml
Potassium chloride is marketed under different brands and generic names, and comes in different dosage forms:
| Brand name | Manufacturer | Country | Dosage form |
|---|---|---|---|
| Potassium Chloride-SOLOpharm | solution | ||
| Potassium chloride | Dalkhimpharm | Russia | solution concentrate |
| Potassium chloride | PFK Obnovlenie | Russia | solution |
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Dosage and Administration
Intravenously. In case of hypokalemia with a heart rhythm disorder, 1-1.5 g 4-5 times a day; after restoring the heart rate, the dose is reduced. When digitalis intoxication - 2-3 g / day, in severe cases - up to 5 g. For the relief of attacks of paroxysmal tachycardia on the first day - 8-12 g, followed by reduction to 3-6 g. Intravenous jet, if necessary intravenously. (slowly, over 1 h> - 2-2.5 g in 500 ml of 5% dextrose solution.
For the prevention and treatment of ectopic arrhythmias in myocardial infarction - a polarizing mixture: a solution of potassium chloride in 5% - 10% dextrose solution (add insulin at the rate of 1 IU per 3-4 g of dry dextrose).
Adverse reactions
On the part of the nervous system, paresthesia, muscle weakness, confusion. Since the cardiovascular system: lower blood pressure, arrhythmias, heart block, cardiac arrest.
Other: hyperkalemia, allergic reactions.
Contraindications
Hyperkalemia, complete atrioventricular block, adrenal insufficiency, chronic renal failure, concomitant therapy with potassium-sparing diuretics, metabolic disorders (acidosis, hypovolemia with hyponatremia), pregnancy, lactation period, age 18 years (efficacy and safety not established).
Drug interactions
Pharmaceutically compatible with solutions of cardiac glycosides (improves their portability). Enhances the negative dromo-and bathmotropic action of antiarrhythmic drugs. In the composition of the polarizing mixture (in combination with dextrose and insulin) contributes to the normalization of the cardiac rhythm in myocardial infarction, ectopic arrhythmias and overdose of cardiac glycosides.
Eliminates hinocaliemia caused by glucocorticosteroids, mineralocorticosteroids and diuretics. Beta-blockers, cyclosporine, potassium-saving diuretics, heparin, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can increase the risk of hyperkalemia.
Pregnancy and Lactation
The drug is contraindicated in pregnancy.
If necessary, the appointment of the drug during breastfeeding, breastfeeding should be stopped.
It is not recommended to use meloxicam in women who are planning a pregnancy, as well as in women participating in fertility studies or birth control. Safety of use during pregnancy of this drug is not proven. The effect of delayed prostaglandin synthesis on embryogenesis during the first two trimesters of pregnancy is not clear. In the last trimester of pregnancy, the mechanism of action of meloxicam is characterized by inhibition of labor, premature closure of Ductus arteriosus Botalli in the fetus, increased susceptibility to bleeding in the mother and child and increases the risk of edema in the mother. Meloxicam in small amounts penetrates into breast milk, and in the case of breastfeeding, meloxicam can be found in the blood plasma of an infant.
As a drug inhibiting the synthesis of cyclooxygenase / prostaglandin, meloxicam may affect fertility, and therefore is not recommended for women who have difficulty conceiving. In this regard, for women undergoing examination for this reason, it is recommended that the drug be withdrawn.
Special instructions
During treatment, it is necessary to control the content of K + in the serum, ECG, in the treatment of hypokalemia - control of the acid-base state.
Safety and efficacy of potassium chloride in children have not been established.
If necessary, use during pregnancy should compare the expected benefits to the mother and the potential risk to the fetus.
In the period of lactation should decide on the termination of breastfeeding. A diet high in sodium chloride increases the excretion of K + from the body. It should be borne in mind that hyperkalemia, which is fatal, can develop quickly and be asymptomatic.
Overdosage
Symptoms: hyperkalemia (muscle hypotonia, limb paresthesias, slowing of atrioventricular conduction, arrhythmias, cardiac arrest). Early clinical signs of hyperkalemia usually appear with a serum K + concentration of more than 6 meq / l; sharpening of a tooth of T, disappearance of a tooth of U, decrease in the ST segment, lengthening of an interval of QT, expansion of the QRS complex. More severe symptoms of hyperkalemia — muscle paralysis and cardiac arrest — develop at a K + 9–10 mEq / L concentration.
Treatment: inside or intravenously - NaCl solution; intravenous - 300-500 ml of 5% dextrose solution (from 10-20 U of insulin in 1 l); if necessary, hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
- Active ingredient: Potassium chloride
Studies and clinical trials of Potassium chloride (Click to expand)
- Enthalpy and heat capacity changes for the proton dissociation of various buffer components in 0.1 M potassium chloride
- Photograft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate on silk fiber using titanium(III) chloride–potassium persulphate redox initiator in a limited aqueous system. I
- Phase-transfer catalysis: Free-radical polymerization of acrylonitrile using potassium peroxomonosulphate– tetrabutyl phosphonium chloride catalyst system: A kinetic study
- Influence of potassium fluoride on the syntheses of methylpiperazine-modified poly(vinyl chloride)s for use as fixed-site proton carrier membranes
- Increased potassium, chloride, and taurine conductances in astrocytes during hypoosmotic swelling
- Toki-Shakuyaku-San intervenes in apoptosis induced by lowering of potassium chloride concentrations in cultured cerebellar granule cells
- Radiation Synthesis of Linear and Crosslinked Poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium Chloride and Complex Formation with Potassium Hexacyanoferrates (II, III) in Aqueous Solutions
- Changes in protein secretion of Aspergillus niger caused by the reduction of the water activity by potassium chloride
- Reaction of chlorine and uranium tetrachloride in the fused lithium chloride-potassium chloride eutectic
- Incorporation of ionic impurities in crystals growing from solution. The case of lead ions in potassium chloride crystals
- Crystal size distribution dynamics in a classified crystallizer: Part I. Experimental and theoretical study of cycling in a potassium chloride crystallizer
- The diffusivity of potassium chloride and sodium chloride in concentrated, saturated, and supersaturated aqueous solutions
- Crystallization kinetics of potassium chloride from brine and scale-up criterion
- Permeability of solutes through cellophanes grafted with vinyl monomers. I. Diffusion of potassium chloride, urea, and uric acid
- Permeability of solutes through cellophanes grafted with vinyl monomers. II. Diffusion of potassium chloride through cellophanes grafted with acrylic acid
- Macromolecular complexes consisting of poly(aluminum chloride), [2-(diethylamino)ethyl]dextran hydrochloride, and potassium poly(vinyl sulfate)
- Photograft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate on viscose fiber using titanium(III) chloride–potassium persulfate redox initiator in a limited aqueous system
- Improved histochemical methods for chloride, phosphate-carbonate and potassium applied to skeletal muscle
- The effect of diazoxide, potassium chloride, and ammonium chloride on serum and urinary uric acid
- Correction of thiazide hyperuricemia by potassium chloride and ammonium chloride
- Impaired renal tubular secretion of potassium, elevated sweat sodium chloride concentration and plasma inhibition of erythrocyte sodium outflux as complications of systemic lupus erythematosus
- The migration of sodium, chloride, and potassium ions across the mucous membrane of the ileum
- Benign oesophageal stricture following oral potassium chloride therapy
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